Sangrado genital por cuerpo extraño en niñas prepuberales: a propósito de un caso / Genital bleeding caused by foreign body in prepubertal girls: a case report

El sangrado genital en niñas prepúberes es un signo poco frecuente y siempre requiere determinar su causa. Se necesitan una detallada anamnesis y examen físico, con el conocimiento adecuado de la anatomía uroginecológica, y, en muchos casos, estudios de imágenes y exámenes complementarios, para arribar al diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 7 años con sangrado genital, cuyo examen físico y estudios complementarios fueron poco concluyentes, y que requirió un procedimiento invasivo para su resolución. (AU)

Genital bleeding in prepubertal girls is a rare sign and always requires determining its cause. A detailed history and physical examination are needed, with adequate knowledge of urogynecological anatomy, and in many cases, imaging studies and complementary tests, to arrive at the diagnosis. We present the case of a 7-year-old girl with genital bleeding, whose physical examination and complementary studies were inconclusive, requiring an invasive procedure for its resolution. (AU)

Uterine rescue in high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treated with ema-co by uterine arteries embolization due to arteriovenous malformations / Resgate uterino em neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional de alto risco tratada com EMA-CO por embolização de artérias uterinas devido a malformações arteriovenosas

Abstract Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is a rare type of pregnancy, in which 15 to 20% of the cases may develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The diagnostic of GTN must be done as early as possible through weekly surveillance of serum hCG after uterine evacuation.We report the case of 23-year-old primigravida, with CHM but without surveillance of hCG after uterine evacuation. Two months later, the patient presented to the emergency with vaginal bleeding and was referred to the Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas do Hospital São Paulo. She was diagnosed with high risk GTN stage/score III:7 as per The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics/World Health Organization (FIGO/WHO). The sonographic examination revealed enlarged uterus with a heterogeneous mass constituted of multiple large vessels invading and causing disarrangement of the myometrium. The patient evolved with progressive worsening of vaginal bleeding after chemotherapy with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (EMA-CO) regimen. She underwent blood transfusion and embolization of uterine arteries due to severe vaginal hemorrhage episodes, with complete control of bleeding. The hCG reached a negative value after the third cycle, and there was a complete regression of the anomalous vascularization of the uterus as well as full recovery of the uterine anatomy. The treatment in a reference center was essential for the appropriate management, especially regarding the uterine arteries embolization trough percutaneous femoral

Resumo Mola hidatiforme completa (MHC) é um tipo raro de gravidez, na qual 15 a 20% dos casos podem desenvolver neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional (NTG). O diagnóstico de NTG deve ser feito o mais cedo possível, pelo monitoramento semanal do hCG sérico após esvaziamento uterino. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente primigesta, de 23 anos de idade, com MHC, sem vigilância de hCG após esvaziamento uterino. Dois meses depois, a paciente compareceu na emergência com sangramento vaginal, sendo encaminhada ao Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas do Hospital São Paulo, onde foi diagnosticada com NTG de alto risco, estádio e score de risco III:7 de acordo com a The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Organização Mundial de Saúde (FIGO/OMS). O exame ultrassonográfico revelou útero aumentado com uma massa heterogênea constituída pormúltiplos vasos volumosos invadindo e desestruturando o miométrio. A paciente evoluiu com piora progressiva do sangramento vaginal após quimioterapia com o regime etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (EMA-CO). Ela foi submetida a transfusão de sangue e embolização das artérias uterinas devido aos episódios graves de hemorragia vaginal, com completo controle do sangramento. O hCG atingiu valor negativo após o terceiro ciclo, havendo regressão completa da vascularização uterina anômala, assim como recuperação da anatomia uterina. O tratamento em um centro de referência permitiu o manejo adequado, principalmente no que se refere à embolização das artérias uterinas através da punção percutânea da artéria femoral, que foi crucial para evitar a histerectomia, permitindo a cura da NTG e a manutenção da vida reprodutiva.

A scary complication: single-center study on management and outcome of cesarean scar pregnancy

Abstract A cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a scary and life-threatening complication of cesarean section (CS). Nevertheless, the incidence of CS is constantly growing. The CSP incidence is 0,15% of pregnancies after CS which represents 6,1% of all ectopic pregnancies in women with condition after CS. Therefore, it should be more present in the clinical daily routine. From mild nonspecific symptoms to hypovolemic shock, diagnosis and therapy must be performed quickly. With the progressive growth of the scar pregnancy, a uterine rupture involves the risk of severe bleeding, and an emergency hysterectomy could be necessary. Prolongation of pregnancy has been successful only in a few cases.We report 11 cases from our hospital in the past 10 years. In the discussion, treatment options of this complication with an increasing incidence, which is associated with serious morbidity and mortality, are presented based on the current literature. Treatment options include drug therapy, but also surgical or combined procedures with radiological intervention.

Rare occurrence of uterine arteriovenous malformation clinically mimicking a malignant growth: A critical reminder for pathologists

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare lesion in the uterus, which can lead to abnormal uterine bleeding. While AVM has been described in other organs in the literature, there is a paucity of pathology reports of the AVM in uterus. On gross examination, the uterus was markedly enlarged and partly distorted with a pedunculated solid mass, which on the cut surface showed multiple well-circumscribed hemorrhagic cysts ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 cm in size. Microscopically, they were malformed dilated vascular structures containing organized thrombi. We present this case of uterine AVM with gross and microscopic findings, which can serve as a crucial reminder for pathologists to keep in the differential diagnoses as a potential cause of abnormal uterine bleeding.

Sangramento uterino anormal / Bleeding abnormal uterine

O sangramento uterino anormal (SUA) é um distúrbio em que um ou mais dos parâmetros do sangramento uterino normal está alterado: quantidade, duração ou frequência.(1) É também definido como perda menstrual excessiva, com repercussões físicas, emocionais, sociais e materiais na qualidade de vida da mulher, que podem ocorrer isoladamente ou em combinação com outros sintomas.(2) O SUA é uma condição comum que afeta até 40% das mulheres no mundo, impacta negativamente a qualidade de vida das mulheres, sendo a vida social e os relacionamentos prejudicados em quase dois terços dos casos.(AU)

Brain metastasis in papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium / Metástase cerebral do adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio

Abstract Background Most endometrial cancers (75%) are diagnosed in early stages (stages I and II), in which abnormal uterine bleeding is the most frequent clinical sign.When the diagnosis is performed in stage IV, the most common sites of metastasis are the lungs, liver and bones. Central nervous system (CNS)metastasis is a rare condition. The aim of this study is to describe a case of uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that progressed to brain and bone metastases. Case Report We present the case of a 56-year-old woman with abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial thickened echo (1.8 cm). A hysteroscopy with biopsy was performed, which identified poor differentiated serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. A total abdominal hysterectomy, with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, was performed. Analysis of the surgical specimen revealed a grade III uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant radio/chemotherapy (carboplatin and paclitaxel-six cycles) was indicated. Sixteen months after the surgery, the patient began to complain of headaches. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an expansile mass in the right parietal lobe, suggesting a secondary hematogenous implant subsequently confirmed by biopsy. She underwent surgery for treatment of brain metastasis, followed by radiotherapy. She died 12 months after the brain metastasis diagnosis due to disease progression. Conclusion Uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has a low propensity to metastasize to the brain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth documented case of uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with metastasis to the CNS.

Resumo Fundamentos A maioria dos cânceres de endométrio (75%) é diagnosticada em estágios iniciais (estágios I e II), nos quais o sangramento uterino anormal é o sinalclínico mais frequente. Quando o diagnóstico é realizado no estágio IV, os locais mais comuns de metástase são os pulmões, o fígado e os ossos. A metástase para o sistema nervoso central (SNC) é uma condição rara. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever um caso de adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio que progrediu para metástases cerebral e óssea. Relato de Caso Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 56 anos com sangramento uterino anormal e eco endometrial espessado (1,8 cm). Foi realizada histeroscopia com biópsia que identificou adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero pouco diferenciado do endométrio. Uma histerectomia abdominal total, com linfadenectomia pélvica e para-aórtica, foi realizada. A análise da peça cirúrgica revelou adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio grau III. Radioterapia adjuvante/quimioterapia (carboplatina e paclitaxel- seis ciclos) foi indicada.Dezesseismeses após a cirurgia, a paciente começou a se queixar de dores de cabeça. A ressonância magnética cerebral demonstrou uma massa expansiva no lobo parietal direito, sugerindo um implante hematogênico secundário posteriormente confirmado por biópsia. A paciente foi submetida a cirurgia para tratamento de metástase cerebral, seguida de radioterapia. A paciente morreu 12 meses após o diagnóstico de metástase cerebral devido à progressão da doença. Conclusão O adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio tem uma baixa propensão a metastizar para o cérebro. Até onde sabemos, este é o quinto caso documentado de adenocacinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio com metástase para o SNC.

Padrão histopatológico e incidência de carcinomatose peritoneal ao diagnóstico em mulheres com câncer de ovário / Histopathological pattern and incidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis at diagnosis in women with ovarian cancer

Objetivo: Descrever o padrão histopatológico e identificar a incidência de carcinomatose peritoneal no momento do diagnóstico de mulheres diagnosticadas com neoplasia de ovário. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, baseado na análise secundária de dados correspondentes aos prontuários de mulheres adultas com diagnóstico de neoplasia de ovário de um serviço de referência em oncologia clínica. Foram analisados 40 prontuários entre janeiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2017. Resultados: Ao estadiamento segundo o sistema da International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, três mulheres (7,5%) apresentavam estadiamento clínico (EC) II, três (77,5%) estágio ECIII com carcinomatose peritoneal/invasão da pelve e seis (15%) estágio ECIV com metástases à distância, especialmente para pulmão e fígado. Em relação ao padrão histopatológico, 20 mulheres apresentaram adenocarcinoma seroso papilífero de alto grau (50%), 4 (10%) adenocarcinoma seroso papilífero de baixo grau, 3 (7,5%) adenocarcinoma endometrioide, 3 (7,5%) tumor de teca/granulosa, 3 (7,5%) carcinoma de células claras, 3 (7,5%) tumores não classificados, 2 (5%) disgerminoma e 2 (5%) com cistoadenocarcinoma mucinosos. Conclusão: É nítida a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo essa patologia, de modo a favorecer o diagnóstico e a intervenção em estágios mais precoces e reduzir desfechos desfavoráveis. (AU)

Objective: To describe the histopathological pattern, and to identify the incidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis at the time of the diagnosis of women diagnosed with ovarian neoplasm. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, based on the secondary analysis of data corresponding to the medical records of adult women diagnosed with ovarian neoplasm in a reference service of clinical oncology. A total of 40 medical records were analyzed between January 2007 and January 2017. Results: At the staging (FIGO system) of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, three women (7.5%) had clinical staging (EC) II staging, 31 (77.5%) were in the ECIII stage, with peritoneal carcinomatosis/pelvic invasion, six (15%) were in the ECIV stage, with metastases at a distance, especially to lung and liver. Regarding the histopathological pattern, twenty women had high-grade papillary serous adenocarcinoma (50%), 4 (10%) with low-grade papillary serous adenocarcinoma, 3 (7.5%) with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 3 (7.5%) with granulosa-theca tumor, 3 (7.5%) with clear cell carcinoma, 3 (7.5%) with unclassified tumors, 2 (5%) with dysgerminoma, two (5%) with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Conclusions: There is a clear need for further studies involving this pathology, in order to favor diagnosis and intervention at earlier stages and to reduce unfavorable outcomes. (AU)

Unusual vaginal bleeding due to a leech bite in a girl from a tropical area: a case report

Abstract This study describes the isolation of a leech following the presentation of unusual vaginal bleeding. Vaginal bleeding in children due to a leech bite is very rare. This is the first report of severe bleeding in a virgin 14-year-old girl from Mashhad, Iran due to the presence of a leech in the vagina.

Sangrado y terapia hormonal en la menopausia (THM) / Bleeding during menopause hormone therapy (MHT)

La definición de sangrado ginecológico anormal durante terapia hormonal de la menopausia es aquel sangrado no programado durante el uso de la terapia. Este artículo es un pauteo que describe: 1) cuándo diagnosticar unsangrado anormal, ya que difiere según el tipo de esquema hormonal utilizado; 2) eldiagnóstico diferencial del origen del sangrado anormal; 3) los métodos de evaluación para diagnosticar el origen del sangrado. Se destacan los aspectos principales para el diagnóstico diferencial entre patología orgánica versus disrupción endometrial debida al tratamiento hormonal. Además, se describen los ajustes posibles para resolver el sangrado cuando éste se debe a disrupción del endometrio.

Abnormal bleeding related to menopausal hormone therapy is defined as unscheduled bleeding during the use of the therapy. This article outlines when to diagnose an abnormal bleeding -as this differs according to the type of hormonal scheme used-, the differential diagnosis of the origin of abnormal bleeding, and the methods of evaluation to assess the origin of the bleeding. The main aspects are highlighted on the differentiation of organic pathology versus disruption of the endometrium due to treatment. Also, treatment adjustments to resolve bleeding when it is due to disruption of the endometrium are outlined.

Experiencia en el tratamiento de la hemorragia uterina anormal en adolescentes con enfermedad renal crónica / Experience in the treatment of uterine hemorrhage in adolescents with chronic renal disease

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se asocia con alteraciones menstruales, y el manejo del sangrado uterino suele ser complejo por las condiciones de este grupo de pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la respuesta clínica al tratamiento hormonal de las alteraciones menstruales de adolescentes con ERC. Métodos: Se presentan los datos de una serie de casos de pacientes adolescentes con ERC que cursaron con alteraciones menstruales y que recibieron tratamiento desde el año 2008 al 2012. Se identificaron las características del trastorno menstrual, del tratamiento hormonal recibido y de la respuesta al mismo. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo. Resultados: Se estudiaron 11 pacientes de sexo femenino con edad promedio de 14.5 años, que se encontraban en prediálisis (n = 1), diálisis peritoneal (n = 7) y hemodiálisis (n = 3). Las pacientes presentaron hiperpolimenorrea asociada a la opsomenorrea (n = 3), en su mayoría clasificadas como hemorragia uterina anormal secundaria. El tratamiento, en general, fue con progestágenos de manera inicial (clormadinona con o sin medroxiprogesterona) o bien con anticonceptivos combinados. En la mayoría de las pacientes se obtuvo una respuesta favorable; sin embargo, hubo casos en los que fue necesario modificar la dosis y el tiempo de tratamiento. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de las adolescentes con ERC que han sido tratadas por hemorragia uterina anormal en nuestro estudio tuvieron una respuesta favorable al tratamiento hormonal.

Abstract: Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with menstrual abnormalities and management of uterine bleeding is often complex because of the conditions in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical response to hormonal treatment of menstrual alterations in adolescents with CKD. Methods: We present data of cases of adolescent patients with CKD who had undergone menstrual changes and received treatment during the period 2008 to 2012. The characteristics of the menstrual disorder, hormone treatment received, and response to treatment were evaluated. The statistical analysis aplicated to analyze the results was descriptive. Results: We studied 11 patients with a mean age of 14.5 years, who were in predialysis (n = 1), peritoneal dialysis (n = 7), hemodialysis (n = 3). Patients had hyperpolymenorrhea associated with opsomenorrhea (n = 3), mostly classified as secondary abnormal uterine bleeding. Treatment, in general, was with progestins initially (chlormadinone with or without medroxyprogesterone) or combined contraceptives. In the majority of the patients, a favorable response was obtained; however, there were cases where it was necessary to modify the dose and time of treatment. Conclusions: The majority of adolescents with CKD who have been treated for abnormal uterine bleeding in our study had a favorable response to hormonal treatment.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding / Sangramento uterino anormal

Abstract Abnormal uterine bleeding is a frequent condition in Gynecology. It may impact physical, emotional sexual and professional aspects of the lives of women, impairing their quality of life. In cases of acute and severe bleeding, women may need urgent treatment with volumetric replacement and prescription of hemostatic substances. In some specific cases with more intense and prolonged bleeding, surgical treatment may be necessary. The objective of this chapter is to describe the main evidence on the treatment of women with abnormaluterinebleeding, both acuteand chronic.Didactically,thetreatmentoptions were based on the current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification system (PALM-COEIN). The etiologies of PALM-COEIN are: uterine Polyp (P), Adenomyosis (A), Leiomyoma (L), precursor and Malignant lesions of the uterine body (M), Coagulopathies (C), Ovulatory dysfunction (O), Endometrial dysfunction (E), Iatrogenic (I), and Not yet classified (N). The articles were selected according to the recommendation grades of the PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases, and those in which the main objective was the reduction of uterine menstrual bleeding were included. Only studies written in English were included. All editorial or complete papers that were not consistent with abnormal uterine bleeding, or studies in animal models, were excluded. The main objective of the treatment is the reduction of menstrual flow and morbidity and the improvement of quality of life. It is important to emphasize that the treatment in the acute phase aims to hemodynamically stabilize the patient and stop excessive bleeding, while the treatment in the chronic phase is based on correcting menstrual dysfunction according to its etiology and clinical manifestations. The treatment may be surgical or pharmacological, and thelatterisbasedmainlyonhormonaltherapy,anti-inflammatorydrugsandantifibrinolytics.

Resumo O sangramento uterino anormal é uma afecção frequente que pode afetar negativamente aspectos físicos, emocionais, sexuais e profissionais, piorando a qualidade de vida das mulheres. Nos casos de sangramento intenso e agudo, as mulheres podem necessitar de tratamento de urgência, com reposição volumétrica e substâncias hemostáticas. Há situações que necessitam de tratamento prolongado, e ainda situações em que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as principais evidências sobre o tratamento das mulheres com sangramento uterino anormal, tanto na fase aguda quanto na crônica. A apresentação do tratamento foi baseada no sistema de classificação (PALM-COEIN, na sigla em inglês) da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FIGO). As etiologias do PALMCOEIN são: Pólipo uterino (P), Adenomiose (A), Leiomiomia (L), lesões precursoras e Malignas do corpo uterino (M), Coagulopatias (C), distúrbios da Ovulação (O), disfunção Endometrial (E), Iatrogênicas (I), e não classificadas nos itens anteriores (N). Os artigos foram selecionados conforme os graus de recomendação das bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e Embase que tivessem como objetivo o tratamento do sangramento uterino anormal em mulheres. Somente artigos escritos em inglês foram incluídos. Todos os editoriais ou papers completos que não tratassem de sangramento uterino anormal, ou estudos baseados em modelos animais, foram excluídos. O tratamento tem como objetivo a redução do fluxo menstrual, reduzindo morbidade e melhorando a qualidade de vida. O tratamento na fase aguda visa estabilizar hemodinamicamente a paciente e estancar o sangramento excessivo, enquanto a terapia da fase crônica é baseada na correção da disfunção menstrual, conforme sua etiologia ou conforme a manifestação clínica. O tratamento pode ser cirúrgico ou medicamentoso, sendo o segundo baseado principalmente em fármacos hormonais, anti-inflamatórios ou antifibrinolíticos.

Sangramento anormal durante terapia hormonal na pré e perimenopausa: racional para manejo clínico / Abnormal bleeding during perimenopause hormone therapy: insights for clinical management

Este estudo tem como objetivo rever o estado da arte e racional para guiar a conduta no sangramento anormal durante a terapia hormonal combinada sequencial na perimenopausa. Antes de iniciar a terapia, é essencial excluir qualquer condição pélvica anormal, identificar as mulheres com maior risco de sangramento e moldar o regime às características clínico-laboratoriais de cada paciente. Na perimenopausa, particularmente na mulher que ainda mantém secreção ovariana de estrogênio ou mesmo estrogênio-progesterona, o regime de escolha é o combinado sequencial. Tatear a dose individualmente é recomendável nos primeiros meses de uso. Qualquer ação para parar o sangramento deve ser baseada na identificação correta da causa subjacente. É importante observar se o sangramento ocorre na fase estrogênica ou progestogênica da combinação utilizada, se o seu início foi precedido de longo tempo de sangramento normal, se houve introdução de medicação concomitante e se a ingesta tem sido regular. O tratamento consiste no ajuste da dose do estrogênio ou do progestogênio, na troca do progestogênio para outro com maior impacto sobre o endométrio, ou na troca do regime combinado sequencial para o combinado contínuo, como medida de exceção.(AU)

The current study aimed to review the state of art and provide a rational approach to the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal bleeding during combined sequential hormone therapy (HT). Before starting, it is essential to exclude any pelvic abnormal condition, to identify those women with higher risk of bleeding and to tailor the regimen to the needs of individual women. During perimenopause, particularly in women still keeping ovarian secretion, the choice is the combined sequential regimen. It is recommended to titer the dosis individually. Any action to stop the bleeding must be based on correct identification of the underlying cause. It is important to consider whether the bleeding started in the strogenic or progestogenic phases of the combined regimen, if the abnormal bleeding was preceded of long-term normal bleeding or if any concomitant medication was prescribed. The core treatment consists of estrogen/progestogen dose adjustment, change of the progestogen, or change of the sequential to the combined continuos regimen an exceptional measure.(AU)

Genitorragia en una paciente prepuberal: reporte de un caso y su diagnóstico diferencial / Vaginal bleeding in the prepubescent child: clinical case and differential diagnosis

la genitorragia en pacientes prepuberales es siempre anormal, por lo que requiere estudio. Objetivo: presentar el caso clínico de una paciente prepuberal con genitorragia y revisar en la literatura los diagnósticos diferenciales. Caso clínico: paciente de 10 años con historia de 3 meses de genitorragia sin otros síntomas. Al examen físico mamas Tanner I, vello púbico Tanner II. Genitales externos sin lesiones, himen anular, rojo y delgado. Se descartó pubertad precoz. Se insertó una tórula húmeda en la vagina que dio salida a un trozo de papel higiénico y vello púbico. Después del procedimiento no ha presentado nuevos episodios de sangrado. Conclusión: la genitorragia es un signo alarmante, pero la mayoría de las veces las causas son benignas. En este caso la causa del sangrado fue un cuerpo extraño. Se recomienda derivar a ginecólogo infanto juvenil para evaluación exhaustiva...

Vaginal bleeding in prepubescent girls is always abnormal and needs evaluation. Objective: to present a clinical case and discuss differential diagnosis. Case report: A 10 years old girl with 3 months of vaginal bleeding and no other symptoms. Her breast exam is Tanner stage 1. Her pubic hair is Tanner stage 2, external genitalia were normal; her hymen was red, thin and annular. Precocious puberty was ruled out. By inserting a small sterile catheter into the vagina a piece of pubic hair and toilet paper were easily removed, after that all symptoms resolved. Conclusion: Vaginal bleeding in prepubertal children is an alarming symptom. Our patient vaginal bleeding was due to a vaginal foreign body one of the most common causes. It is recommended that all patients must be referred to a pediatric gynecologist in order to be exhaustively evaluated...

Antepartum Bleeding of Unknown Origin and Sequlae.

Antepartum bleeding of unknown origin (ABUO) seems to be one of the most common causes of bleeding in third trimester of pregnancy, but has not been studied well. Objective : The present study was aimed to study the incidence, management strategies and the perinatal outcome in cases of ABUO. Methods : Cases diagnosed as ABUO and managed at the rural referral hospital over last 5 years were analyzed. The diagnosis of ABUO was by exclusion of placental abruption, placenta previa and possible causes of bleeding in the lower genital tract by clinical and ultrasonographic examination. Results : The incidence of ABUO was 0.60 % of births. Of all cases of antepartum haemorrage 18.1% were of teenage and of ABUO10.3% cases were of teenage cases compared to overall 5% cases teenage. Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) in cases of ABUO was 237, significantly higher than overall PMR of 66 (p value <0.001) during the study period. Preterm births were the most common cause of perinatal mortality in ABUO. Conclusion : Women with ABUO may not need special interventions, but when ABUO occurs preterm births and perinatal loss increase ,so deaths due to prematurity need to be prevented.

Sangramento vaginal anormal na emergência / Abnormal vaginal bleeding in emergency

O sangramento vaginal anormal é um sintoma frequente das pacientes que procuram a emergência. Podemos atribuir esse sangramento tanto às doenças do trato genital inferior, quanto do superior. As hipóteses diagnósticas para este sintoma variam de acordo com a faixa etária em que ocorre. Neste trabalho, revisamos os principais diagnósticos e tratamentos relacionados ao sangramento vaginal anormal conforme a idade.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a common symptom of patients visiting the emergency room. Diseases either in the lower or in the upper genital tract can cause this disorder. The possible diagnoses for this symptom vary with the age at which it occurs. In this paper, we review the diagnostics and treatments of this condition related to the patient age at which it occurs.

Estimación del valor diagnóstico de la histerosonografía para los casos de pólipo endometrial en mujeres con hemorragia uterina anormal, en el Servicio de Ginecología del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Enero 2009 - Diciembre 2011 / Estimation of the diagnostic value of sonohysterography for cases of endometrial polyp in women with abnormal uterine bleeding, in the Service of Gynecology of the National Institute Materno Perinatal, January 2009 - December 2011

Introducción: La hemorragia uterina anormal es la alteración ginecológica más frecuente en las mujeres en edad reproductiva, siendo el pólipo endometrial una de sus causas y para su diagnóstico se dispone del ultrasonido transvaginal, la histeroscopía y la histerosonografia, quien en los últimos estudios reporta una sensibilidad y especificidad altas estableciéndolo como un buen método. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la prevalencia de pólipos endometriales y estimar el valor diagnóstico de la HSG en el INMP, la cual al ser operador dependiente es necesario conocerla en nuestra institución. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra son las pacientes que acuden al consultorio externo del Servicio de Ginecología, cuyo motivo de consulta sea el de HUA, en el INMP en el período de Enero 2009 a Diciembre del 2011. Los criterios de inclusión: pacientes no gestantes con estudios de ultrasonido TV e HSG en el INMP, y que luego de realizarse ambos estudios tengan un estudio anatomopatológico. La información se procesará en forma electrónica con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20.0 y Epidat 3.1. Se elaborará las tablas de contingencia y se identificará las relaciones de dependencia entre las variables cualitativas mediante el Test de Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Se calculará la S, E, VPP y VPN del ultrasonido TV y de la HSG, y la correlación respectiva. Resultados: Entre Enero 2009 y Diciembre 2011, en la Consulta Externa del Servicio de Ginecología del INMP, se atendieron 1726 mujeres con HUA, y hubieron 180 casos confirmados de pólipo endometrial, siendo la prevalencia estimada de 10.4 por ciento. La Ecografia TV para el diagnóstico de Pólipo Endometrial tiene una S: 68 por ciento, E: 62.5 por ciento, VPP: 73.9 por ciento, VPN: 55.5 por ciento; y la HSG, S: 88.0 por ciento, E: 68.5 por ciento, VPP: 81.5 por ciento, VPN: 78.6 por ciento. Conclusión: La HSG tiene mejor valor diagnóstico en comparación con la ecografía TV, sin embargo la correlación...

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common gynecological disorder in women of reproductive age, endometrial polyp is one of its causes and its diagnosis is available transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and sonohysterography, who in recent studies report a high sensitivity and specificity establishing it as a good method. Our goal is to determine the prevalence of endometrial polyps and estimate the diagnostic value of the HSG in the INMP, which is operator-dependent and is required to know at our institution. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study. The sample comprised patients attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Gynecology; the reason for the visit is that ofAUB in INMP in the period from January 2009 to December 2011. Inclusion criteria: non-pregnant patients with ultrasound scans and SHG in INMP, and then carried out two studies have a pathological study. The information is processed electronically with SPSS version 20.0 and Epidat 3.1. Be developed contingency tables and identify the dependency relationships between qualitative variables using the chi-square test of Pearson. We calculate the S, E, PPV and NPV of TV ultrasound and SHG, and their respective correlation. Results: Between January 2009 and December 2011, in the outpatient of the INMP Gynecology Service, 1726 women were treated with AUB, and there were 180 confirmed cases of endometrial polyp, with the estimated prevalence of 10.4 per cent. The TV ultrasound for diagnosis of Endometrial polyp has S: 68 per cent, E: 62.5 per cent, PPV 73.9 per cent, NPV: 55.5 per cent and the SHG, S: 88.0 per cent, E: 68.7 per cent, PPV: 81.5 per cent, VPN: 78.6 per cent. Conclusion: The SHG has better diagnostic value compared with ultrasonography TV; however the correlation with the final outcome is moderate. A larger sample is needed to establish more meaningful results.

Coagulación intravascular retiniana: como signo clínico de embolización de líquido amniónico / Intravascular coagulation in the retina as clinical sign of embolization of amniotic fluid

La embolización de líquido amniótico es una de las condiciones más infrecuentes pero desvastadora que puede presentarse en embarazadas. La prevalencia se ha reportado de 1 en 80.000, con un alto índice de mortalidad (86%). El diagnóstico esta basado en uno o más de los 4 signos clínicos: colapso cardiovascular, dificultad respiratoria, coma y/o convulsiones y coagulopatía. Coagulación intravascular diseminada puede ocasionar pérdida visual bilateral en el grupo de sobrevivientes, por oclusión del sistema arterial retiniano u coroideo. Los sintomas visuales se presentan usualmente después del desarrollo de síntomas sistémicos; sin embargo, en el caso clínico que se expone a continuación la manifestación visual ocurrió simultaneamente con el desarrollo de las sistémicas. Por tanto, la pérdida visual bilateral en el contexto de los signos clínicos sistémicos expuestos, debe alertar al obstetra sobre la posibilidad de embolización de liquido amniótico.

Amniotic fluid embolism is one of the most devastating and infrequent condition known in pregnant women. The prevalence has been reportd as a 1 in 80.000 deliveries with high mortality rate, almost 86%. The diagnosis is based on one or more of the four symptoms and signs: cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, coma/seizures and/or coagulopathy. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy can cause bilateral visual loss in the group of survivors by occlusion of the retinal artery and/or the choroid system. The visual manifestations appear usually after the development of systemic symptoms, but in the clinical case described below the visual symptoms occurred simultaneously to the development of systemic manifestations. Therefore, bilateral visual loss in the context of the systemic clinical signs exposed, should alert the obstetrician about the possibility of embolization of amniotic fluid.

Bilharzial endocervical polyp.

Schistosomiasis still represents a major threat to women's health in many developing countries. The frequency in developed countries is increasing among immigrants and tourists who have a history of freshwater exposure in endemic areas. This is a case of 43-year-old immunocompetent Egyptian woman presented by abnormal vaginal bleeding. The gynecological examination revealed an endocervical polyp measuring 3 x 2 x 1 cm. Polypectomy was done. Histopathological examination revealed several granulomas containing viable eggs of Schistosoma hematobium. Schistosomiasis is rarely presented with endocervical polyp. In developing countries, schistosomiasis may be considered in differential diagnosis of patient with endocervical polyp.